[46], The head of state is often designated the high contracting party in international treaties on behalf of the state; signs them either personally or has them signed in his/her name by ministers (government members or diplomats); subsequent ratification, when necessary, may rest with the legislature. During the Chinese Cultural Revolution, following the downfall of Liu Shaoqi, who was State Chairman (Chinese President), no successor was named, so the duties of the head of state were transferred collectively to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress. In North Korea, the late Kim Il-sung was named "Eternal President" 4 years after his death and the presidency was abolished. The Constitution, as laid down on 17 May 1814 by the Constituent Assembly at Eidsvoll and subsequently amended. This position may or may not have been held by the de facto Soviet leader at the moment. Head of state, the highest representative of a sovereign state, who may or may not also be its head of government. Similarly the original powers given to the Greek President under the 1974 Hellenic Republic constitution moved Greece closer to the French semi-presidential model. Panama, during the military dictatorships of Omar Torrijos and Manuel Noriega, was nominally a presidential republic. Whenever a head of state is not available for any reason, constitutional provisions may allow the role to fall temporarily to an assigned person or collective body. Judging that his responsibility to the nation by virtue of his coronation oath required him to act, he believed that his government's decision to fight rather than surrender was mistaken and would damage Belgium. Though it's been about twenty years since they have spoken with one another, two estranged soul-singing legends agree to participate in a reunion performance at the Apollo Theater to honor their recently deceased band leader. Some monarchical states call this procedure royal assent. As such invitations may be very numerous, such duties are often in part delegated to such persons as a spouse, a head of government or a cabinet minister or in other cases (possibly as a message, for instance, to distance themselves without rendering offence) just a military officer or civil servant. Outer Mongolia, the former homeland of the imperial dynasty of Genghis Khan, was another lamaist theocracy from 1585, using various styles, such as tulku. The head of state is the figurehead of a state, who represents the unity of the state. Within this general category, variants in terms of powers and functions may exist. This may be the swearing in at the inauguration of a president of a republic, or the coronation of a monarch. Another complication exists with South Africa, in which the president is in fact elected by the National Assembly (legislature) and is thus similar, in principle, to a head of government in a parliamentary system but is also, in addition, recognised as the head of state. In a modern republic, the head of state is a president, usually elected by the people or by a parliament. Though beginning that year, a provisional constitution made the Kuomintang the sole government party and the National Government bound to the instructions of the Central Executive Committee of that party. In monarchies with a written constitution, the position of monarch is a creature of the constitution and could quite properly be abolished through a democratic procedure of constitutional amendment, although there are often significant procedural hurdles imposed on such a procedure (as in the Constitution of Spain). There is usually a formal public ceremony when a person becomes head of state, or some time after. In 1959 after the resignation of Vice President Mohammad Hatta, President Sukarno abolished the position and title of vice-president, assuming the positions of Prime Minister and Head of Cabinet. At home, heads of state are expected to render lustre to various occasions by their presence, such as by attending artistic or sports performances or competitions (often in a theatrical honour box, on a platform, on the front row, at the honours table), expositions, national day celebrations, dedication events, military parades and war remembrances, prominent funerals, visiting different parts of the country and people from different walks of life, and at times performing symbolic acts such as cutting a ribbon, groundbreaking, ship christening, laying the first stone. In certain cases a special style is needed to accommodate imperfect statehood, e.g., the title Sadr-i-Riyasat was used in Kashmir after its accession to India, and the Palestine Liberation Organization leader, Yasser Arafat, was styled the first "President of the Palestinian National Authority" in 1994. The Constitution as in force on 1 June 2003 together with proclamation declaring the establishment of the Commonwealth, letters patent relating to the Office of Governor-General, Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942, Australia Act 1986. All substantive power, as party leader, itself not formally created for four years, was inherited by his son Kim Jong-il. In presidential systems the head of state is the actual, de facto chief executive officer. The Head of the State is considered the first citizen, or the leader of the nation. [11][47] Titles commonly used by monarchs are King/Queen or Emperor/Empress, but also many other; e.g., Grand Duke, Prince, Emir and Sultan. This accountability and legitimacy requires that someone be chosen who has a majority support in the legislature (or, at least, not a majority opposition – a subtle but important difference). He also proclaimed himself president for life (Indonesian: Presiden Seumur Hidup Panglima Tertinggi; "panglima" meaning "commander or martial figurehead", "tertinggi" meaning "highest"; roughly translated to English as "Supreme Commander of the Revolution"). Of course, a head of state position will cease to exist if the state itself does. Heads of state generally enjoy widest inviolability, although some states allow impeachment, or a similar constitutional procedure by which the highest legislative or judicial authorities are empowered to revoke the head of state's mandate on exceptional grounds. Usually, the king had the power of declaring war without previous consent of the parliament. A head of state is the individual that serves as the chief public representative of a monarchy, republic, federation, commonwealth or other kind of state. Most countries require that all bills passed by the house or houses of the legislature be signed into law by the head of state. An unemployed journalist keeps blaming everyone but himself for problems in his love life and bad policies of the country only to find out what he can change when he becomes the President. From the Cambridge English Corpus These examples are from corpora and … [18][19] However, since 1993, as a matter of convention, the presidency has been held simultaneously by the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China,[20] the top leader in the one party system. Official who holds the highest ranked position in a sovereign state, This article is about the political persona. The head of government also heads the ruling party. The head of state may also dismiss office-holders. formally validates) his or her country's ambassadors (or rarer equivalent diplomatic mission chiefs, such as high commissioner or papal nuncio) through sending formal a Letter of Credence (and a Letter of Recall at the end of a tenure) to other heads of state and, conversely, receives the letters of their foreign counterparts. [1], Former French president Charles de Gaulle, while developing the current Constitution of France (1958), said that the head of state should embody l'esprit de la nation ("the spirit of the nation"). The emperor is defined in the constitution as "the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people" (article 1), and is generally recognised throughout the world as the Japanese head of state. The Crossword Solver finds answers to American-style crosswords, British-style crosswords, general knowledge crosswords and cryptic crossword puzzles. This can take the form of supreme divine authority above the state's, granting a tool for political influence to a priesthood. Head of state definition is - the leader of a country. Other hereditary systems of succession included tanistry, which is semi-elective and gives weight to merit and Agnatic seniority. [2] However, in some parliamentary systems, like South Africa, there is an executive president that is both head of state and head of government. State Head of state Head of government Afghanistan: President – Ashraf Ghani Albania: … In early modern Europe, a single person was often monarch simultaneously of separate states. In some parliamentary systems, and in some presidential systems, however, the head of state may do so on their own initiative. Some states have fixed term legislatures, with no option of bringing forward elections (e.g., Article II, Section 3, of the U.S. Constitution[43]). President under the absolute control of the state is the public persona who embodies! 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