Stirner immediately supplements "down with the laws also." And, indeed, as Mackay went on to argue, Stirner never refuted this attribution. The individual's mind in this remains the same; it remains a mind of dependence. report share. Moses Hess (at that time close to Marx) and Szeliga (pseudonym of Franz Zychlin von Zychlinski, an adherent of Bruno Bauer) also replied to Stirner, who answered the criticism in a German periodical in the September 1845 article Stirner's Critics (Recensenten Stirners), which clarifies several points of interest to readers of the book—especially in relation to Feuerbach. In The Ego And Its Own, Stirner launches a radical anti-authoritarian and individualist critique of contemporary Prussian society and modern western society as such. I. Berlin, Karl Marx (New York, 1963), 143. Helms, Hans G, Die Ideologie der anonymen Gesellschaft. To try to fit Stirner into the contemporary mindset misses the point. [88] In any case, the most significant problems with the theory of possible Stirner influence on Nietzsche are not limited to the difficulty in establishing whether the one man knew of or read the other. The same holds true for society's institutions that claim authority over the individual, be it the state, legislation, the church, or the systems of education such as universities. Freedom is no fairy gift to fall into a man's lap. [9] However, American individualist anarchist Benjamin Tucker rejected the natural rights philosophy and adopted Stirner's egoism in 1886, with several others joining with him. So long as I assert myself as holder, I am the proprietor of the thing". Stirner wrote many essays, compiled and edited “a history of reaction” and translated works by Adam Smith. Everything is sung according to concepts and the real man, I, am compelled to live according to these conceptual laws. [...] "What I have in my power, that is my own. Pin Tweet Shop the Meme. The two thinkers are regarded as exponents of essentially the same philosophy". [66] In the 1970s, an American Situationist collective called For Ourselves published a book called The Right To Be Greedy: Theses On The Practical Necessity Of Demanding Everything in which they advocate a "communist egoism" basing themselves on Stirner. Max Stirner's main philosophical work was The Ego and Its Own, also known as The Ego and His Own (Der Einzige und sein Eigentum in German, or more accurately The Individual and its Property). Stirner was the only child of Albert Christian Heinrich Schmidt (1769–1807) and Sophia Elenora Reinlein (1778–1839). [37], Stirner's main work The Ego and Its Own (Der Einzige und sein Eigentum) appeared in Leipzig in October 1844, with as year of publication mentioned 1845. For the moment, he is still drinking beer, ” ... to freely use and study whenever the spook of “Free Markets” or other vile garbage dares despoil the name of Saint Max. So bitter was the conflict that a number of natural rights proponents withdrew from the pages of Liberty in protest even though they had hitherto been among its frequent contributors. The majority of the text deals with Kuno Fischer's definition of sophism. Contrary to Hegel, who considered the given as an inadequate embodiment of rationality, Stirner leaves the given intact by considering it a mere object, not of transformation, but of enjoyment and consumption ("His Own").[37]. You bend your willpower and you dare to call yourselves free. [...] What I have in my power, that is my own. Although Stirner was opposed to communism, for the same reasons he opposed capitalism, humanism, liberalism, property rights and nationalism, seeing them as forms of authority over the individual and as purveyors of ideologies he could not reconcile himself w… [21] In this sense, Donald Rooum, who combined Stirner and anarcho-communism, wrote that "I am happy to be called a Stirnerite anarchist, provided 'Stirnerite' means one who agrees with Stirner's general drift, not one who agrees with Stirner's every word. The thinker has a thousand tenets of faith where the believer gets along with few; but the former brings coherence into his tenets, and take the coherence in turn for the scale to estimate their worth by. During this time, the most comprehensive account of Nietzsche's reception in the German language, the 4-volume work of Richard Frank Krummel called, "Apart from the information which can be gained from the annotations, the library (and the books Nietzsche read) shows us the extent, and the bias, of Nietzsche's knowledge of many fields, such as evolution and cosmology. However, she died from complications with pregnancy in 1838. It addresses Bruno Bauer and his publication against Hegel called Hegel's Doctrine of Religion and Art Judged From the Standpoint of Faith. Stirner returned to Berlin and obtained a teaching certificate, but he was unable to obtain a full-time teaching post from the Prussian government. "Human or divine, as Stirner said, the predicates are the same whether they belong analytically to the divine being, or whether they are synthetically bound to the human form" (Gilles Deleuze. Caption Max Stirner. Fischer had made a sharp distinction between sophism and philosophy while at the same time considering it as the "mirror image of philosophy". Levy pointed out in 1904 that the similarities in the writing of the two men appeared superficial. He also wrote a compilation of texts titled History of Reaction in 1852. [69], German Stirnerist Adolf Brand produced the homosexual periodical Der Eigene in 1896. A History of Economic Doctrines from the Time of the Physiocrats to the Present Day. [9] Stirner is often seen as one of the forerunners of nihilism, existentialism, psychoanalytic theory, postmodernism and individualist anarchism. Free kindle book and epub digitized and proofread by Project Gutenberg. To illustrate this argument, he compares his own social and moral role with that of Jesus Christ: The time [in which Jesus lived] was politically so agitated that, as is said in the gospels, people thought they could not accuse the founder of Christianity more successfully than if they arraigned him for 'political intrigue', and yet the same gospels report that he was precisely the one who took the least part in these political doings. The philosophy of Stirner, whose main philosophical work was The Ego and Its Own, is credited as a major influence in the development of nihilism, existentialism and post-modernism as well as individualist anarchism, post-anarchism and post-left anarchy. - Max Stirner. Individual self-realization rests on each individual's desire to fulfill their egoism. His first wife was Agnes Burtz (1815–1838), the daughter of his landlady, whom he married on 12 December 1837. [35], Scholar Lawrence Stepelevich states that G. W. F. Hegel was a major influence on The Ego and Its Own. Stirner was anti-capitalist and pro-labour, attacking "the division of labour resulting from private property for its deadening effects on the ego and individuality of the worker" and writing that free competition "is not 'free,' because I lack the things for competition. The ambitious man, who is carried away by ambition [...] has let this passion grow up into a despot against whom he abandons all power of dissolution; he has given up himself because he cannot dissolve himself, and consequently cannot absolve himself from the passion: he is possessed. As the riches of this world do not make me happy, so neither do its truths. Among the "spooks" Stirner attacks are such notable aspects of capitalist life as private property, the division of labour, the state, religion, and society itself. Two spooks are fighting inside you. Editionsgeschichte des "Einzigen". Free Daily Quotes. The latter, the most prominent English-language egoist journal, was published from 1898 to 1900 with the subtitle A Journal of Egoistic Philosophy and Sociology. [14] It was written in the context of the recent 1848 revolutions in German states and is mainly a collection of the works of others selected and translated by Stirner. "Introduction". [10][11] Although Stirner was opposed to communism, for the same reasons he opposed capitalism, humanism, liberalism, property rights and nationalism, seeing them as forms of authority over the individual and as purveyors of ideologies he could not reconcile himself with, he has influenced many anarcho-communists and post-left anarchists. [90], Possible influence on Friedrich Nietzsche. In 1844, his The Ego and Its Own (Der Einzige und sein Eigentum which may literally be translated as The Unique Individual and His Property) was published, which is considered to be "a founding text in the tradition of individualist anarchism." Eine Textauswahl (1844–1856). [65], In the United Kingdom, Herbert Read was influenced by Stirner and noted the closeness of Stirner's egoism to existentialism (see existentialist anarchism). While discussion of possible influence has never ceased entirely, the period of most intense discussion occurred between 1892 and 1900 in the German-speaking world. According to the authors of An Anarchist FAQ, Stirner rejects the claim of "modern-day 'libertarian' capitalists, who regard 'profit' as the key to 'selfishness'" and argue that Stirner "has nothing but contempt" for it because "'greed' is just one part of the ego, and to spend one's life pursuing only that part is to deny all other parts. Stirner was born Johann Caspar Schmidt on 25 October 1806, the onlychild of lower middle class Lutheran parents living in Bayreuth.“Stirner” was originally a nickname, resulting from alarge forehead, exaggerated by the way he pushed back his hair, andonly later — in the form of “Max Stirner” —adopted as a literary pseudonym and his preferred name. [...] Liberalism simply replaced Christia concepts with humanist ones; human instead of divine, political instead of ecclesiastical, 'scientific' instead of doctrinal etc. Stirner wrote many essays, compiled and edited “a history of reaction” and translated works by Adam Smith. Stirner also influenced free love and polyamory propagandist Émile Armand in the context of French individualist anarchism of the early 20th century which is known for "[t]he call of nudist naturism, the strong defense of birth control methods, the idea of "unions of egoists" with the sole justification of sexual practices".[71]. Guido Giacomo Preparata, "Perishable Money in a Threefold Commonwealth: Rudolf Steiner and the Social Economics of an Anarchist Utopia". [21], Daniel Guérin wrote that "Stirner accepted many of the premises of communism but with the following qualification: the profession of communist faith is a first step toward total emancipation of the victims of our society, but they will become completely 'disalienated,' and truly able to develop their individuality, only by advancing beyond communism". [6] This position on property is much different from the then prevalent form of individualist anarchism, which defended the inviolability of the private property that has been earned through labour. Two spooks are fighting inside you. Before me truths are as common and as indifferent as things; they do not carry me away, and do not inspire me with enthusiasm. Some of the best known names in 19th century literature and philosophy were involved with this group, including Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Bruno Bauer and Arnold Ruge. [21] Similarly, Stirner "had nothing but contempt for those who defended property in terms of 'natural rights' and opposed theft and taxation with a passion because it violates said rights". Not for Stirner the grim 'egoism' of 'selfishly' living a life determined by some guru and which only that authority figure would approve of. Because he would like to cease to be an egoist, he looks about in heaven and earth for higher beings to serve and sacrifice himself to; but, however much he shakes and disciplines himself, in the end he does all for his own sake [...]. [...] In words and truths [...] there is no salvation for me, as little as there is for the Christian in things and vanities. [...] As you are each instant, you are your own creature in this very 'creature' you do not wish to lose yourself, the creator. Feuerbach and Bauer led this charge. [65] Several periodicals "were undoubtedly influenced by Liberty's presentation of egoism". [78] During the early years of Nietzsche's emergence as a well-known figure in Germany, the only thinker discussed in connection with his ideas more often than Stirner was Arthur Schopenhauer. The New Hegelians. Posted on July 29, 2017 July 29, 2017 by Max Stirner With ghosts we arrive in the spirit-realm, in the realm of essences . El anarquismo individualista español durante la dictadura y la Segunda República", From Bakunin to Lacan: Anti-authoritarianism and the Dislocation of Power, Beer and Revolution: The German Anarchist Movement In New York City, "Would the Real Max Stirner Please Stand Up? What haunts the universe, and has its occult, “incomprehensible” being there, is precisely the mysterious spook that we call highest essence. The Ego and Its Own, p. 248. Stirner's Critics (Recensenten Stirners) was published in September 1845 in Wigands Vierteljahrsschrift. Stirner's egoist anarchism is all about freeing the individual from the domination of property monopolists such as monarchs, governments, or industrialists while at the same time it positions itself against the anti-individualist nature of the traditional political left. This is particularly evident in Stirner's identification of the self with a "creative nothing", a thing that cannot be bound by ideology, inaccessible to representation in language. Stirner wants to "abolish not only the state but also society as an institution responsible for its members".[5]. They argued … The distributing board of equity lets me have only what the sense of equity, its loving care for all, prescribes. [87] However, the idea that Nietzsche was influenced in some way by Stirner continues to attract a significant minority, perhaps because it seems necessary to explain the oft-noted (though arguably superficial) similarities in their writings. /leftypol/ - Max Stirner Spooks Like us on Facebook! [21] In summarizing Stirner's main arguments, the writers "indicate why social anarchists have been, and should be, interested in his ideas. Stirner lays so much stress upon the will, in fact, that it appears as the root force of human nature. [80] However, there is no indication that he actually read it as no mention of Stirner is known to exist anywhere in Nietzsche's publications, papers or correspondence. The passages quoted above show the few points of contact between Stirner's philosophy and early Christianity. He comes to call these ideas phantasms, or as they are more commonly known, spooks. Stirner's philosophy has been cited as an influence on both his contemporaries, most notably Karl Marx (who was strongly opposed to Stirner's views)[1] as well as subsequent thinkers such as Friedrich Nietzsche,[2] Enrico Arrigoni, Steven T. Byington, Benjamin Tucker, Émile Armand, Albert Camus[3] and Saul Newman. All orders are custom made and most ship worldwide within 24 hours. The Ego and His Own Max Stirner Snippet view - 1918. Only when one realizes that all sacred truths such as law, right, morality, religion and so on are nothing other than artificial concepts and not to be obeyed can one act freely. Stirner's philosophy has nothing to say against conformism, it only objects to the Ego being subordinated to any higher principle: the egoist is free to adjust to the world if it is clear he will better himself by doing so. As Isaiah Berlin has described it, Stirner "is pursued through five hundred pages of heavy-handed mockery and insult". [...] He who overturns one of his limits may have shown others the way and the means; the overturning of their limits remains their affair. Therefore, he may be understood as a rational egoist in the sense that he considered it irrational not to act in one's self-interest. Magent uri? [...] It is the end point of our phrase world, of this world in whose "beginning was the Word.". [52] Edmund Husserl once warned a small audience about the "seducing power" of Der Einzige, but he never mentioned it in his writing. [57] Several other authors, philosophers and artists have cited, quoted or otherwise referred to Max Stirner. [39] Written as a reaction to Otto Friedrich Theodor Heinsius' treatise Humanism vs. Realism, Stirner explains that education in either the classical humanist method or the practical realist method still lacks true value. Basically a "spook" is something that society leads you to believe is real, but isn't. The "nothingness" of all truth is rooted in the "nothingness" of the self because the ego is the criterion of (dogmatic) truth. Happiness is a spook. The writers quotes Stirner as saying "he who ventures everything else for one thing, one object, one will, one passion is ruled by a passion to which he brings the rest as sacrifices". You have showed me with what kind of 'volubility' one can turn everything to nothing and nothing to everything, black into white and white into black. In 1843, he married Marie Dähnhardt, an intellectual associated with Die Freien. [6] Stirner considers the world and everything in it, including other persons, available to one's taking or use without moral constraint[7]—that rights do not exist in regard to objects and people at all. Jason McQuinn says that "when I (and other anti-ideological anarchists) criticize ideology, it is always from a specifically critical, anarchist perspective rooted in both the skeptical, individualist-anarchist philosophy of Max Stirner". Education is therefore fulfilled in aiding the individual in becoming an individual. "We have every reason to suppose that Nietzsche had a profound knowledge of the Hegelian movement, from Hegel to Stirner himself. "The Philosophical Reactionaries: 'The Modern Sophists' by Kuno Fischer". [21], Stirner proposes that most commonly accepted social institutions—including the notion of state, property as a right, natural rights in general and the very notion of society—were mere illusions, "spooks" or ghosts in the mind. Nonetheless, Stirner recognizes "the importance of self-liberation and the way that authority often exists purely through its acceptance by the governed". 8kun /philosophy/ - Philosophy - Thoughts on stirner and spooks? Similarly, the noted anarchist historian Max Nettlau states that "[o]n reading Stirner, I maintain that he cannot be interpreted except in a socialist sense". All mere concepts of the self will always be inadequate to fully describe the nature of our experience. Expect this page to updated as more quotes are mined and more arguments are made. The difference between an unwilling and a willing egoist is that the former will be 'possessed' by an empty idea and believe that they are fulfilling a higher cause, but usually being unaware that they are only fulfilling their own desires to be happy or secure; and the latter, in contrast, will be a person that is able to freely choose its actions, fully aware that they are only fulfilling individual desires: Sacred things exist only for the egoist who does not acknowledge himself, the involuntary egoist [...] in short, for the egoist who would like not to be an egoist, and abases himself (combats his egoism), but at the same time abases himself only for the sake of "being exalted", and therefore of gratifying his egoism. Still more obvious, the library shows us the extent and the bias of Nietzsche's knowledge about many persons to whom he so often refers with ad hominem statements in his works. View Gallery Random Image: What little is known of his life is mostly due to the Scottish-born German writer John Henry Mackay, who wrote a biography of Stirner (Max Stirner – sein Leben und sein Werk), published in German in 1898 (enlarged 1910, 1914) and translated into English in 2005. He denies society as being an actual entity: "The conquerors form a society which one may imagine so great that it by degrees embraces all humanity; but so-called humanity too is as such only a thought (spook); the individuals are its reality" (The Ego and Its Own, Tucker ed., p. 329). Henri Arvon, Aux sources de 1'existentialisme Max Stirner (Paris, 1954), p. 14. He denies society as being an actual entity, calling society a "spook" and that "the individuals are its reality". Only I am not abstraction alone: I am all in all, consequently, even abstraction or nothing: I am all and nothing; I am not a mere thought, but at the same time I am full of thoughts, a thought-world. Koch, Andrew M., "Max Stirner: The Last Hegelian or the First Poststructuralist". Egoism takes another way to root out the non-possessing rabble. Max Stirner's birthplace in Bayreuth. Publisher Oxford U.P., 1967. Rather, with it, all development of the concept ceases. [12], However, Widukind De Ridder has argued that scholars who take Stirner's references to Hegel and the Young Hegelians as expressions of his own alleged Hegelianism are highly mistaken. In Internet parlance, the Stirner is in a relation of ownership with the surrounding world; the Wojack is [p]owned. [21] For Stirner, "Labor has an egoistic character; the laborer is the egoist". It is not merely Christian dogma that his thought repudiates, but also a wide variety of European atheist ideologies that are condemned as crypto-Christian for putting ideas in an equivalent role: Among many transformations, the Holy Spirit became in time the 'absolute idea' [in Hegelian philosophy], which again in manifold refractions split into the different ideas of philanthropy, reasonableness, civic virtue, and so on. His reason for "citing" the cultural change sparked by Jesus is that he wants the Christian ideologies of 19th century Europe to collapse, much as the ideology of heathen Rome did before it (e.g. If one party silently finds themselves to be suffering, but puts up and keeps the appearance, the union has degenerated into something else. And while the Stirner is, of course, a perverse, self-parodying spook by merely representing ―rather than enacting― ownness, the Wojack flags the iterations of its absence. I quit out of frustration and boredom for what the literature had become. Stirner proposes that most commonly accepted social institutions… Communism rightly revolts against the pressure I experience from individual proprietors; but still more horrible is the might that it puts in the hands of the collectivity. I have read up until page 130. Stirner argues that the concept of the self is something impossible to fully comprehend; a so-called "creative nothing" he described as an "end-point of language." To Stirner, power is the method of egoism. [15] He attended Hegel's lectures on the history of philosophy, the philosophy of religion and the subjective spirit. 3,753 words Part 1 of 2. Newman, Saul, Power and Politics in Poststructural Thought. (p. 313). For him, property simply comes about through might, saying: "Whoever knows how to take, to defend, the thing, to him belongs property. Cambridge University Press, 2006 p. 194. one thing that is not a spook. You are yourself a higher being than you are, and surpass yourself [...] just this, as an involuntary egoist, you fail to recognize; and therefore the 'higher essence' is to you—an alien essence. To Stirner, power is the method of egoism—it is the only justified method of gaining property in the philosophical sense. Stedman-Jones, Gareth (2002). In this way, the majority end up without property". The New Hegelians. [...] [J]ust this, as an involuntary egoist, you fail to recognize; and therefore the 'higher essence' is to you – an alien essence. To offer you an example, say we formed a union of egoists on the basis of housing, so we put in a … [citation needed]. London and New York: Routledge 2005. Moggach, Douglas. Stirner was born in Bayreuth, Bavaria, on October 25, 1806. The book proclaims that all religions and ideologies rest on empty concepts. According to Moggach, Stirner does not go beyond Hegel, but he in fact leaves the domain of philosophy in its entirety, stating: Stirner refused to conceptualize the human self, and rendered it devoid of any reference to rationality or universal standards. subscribe. He adds that "I do not step shyly back from your property, but look upon it always as my property, in which I respect nothing. Stirner met with Engels many times and Engels even recalled that they were "great friends",[18] but it is still unclear whether Marx and Stirner ever met. They include Albert Camus in The Rebel (the section on Stirner is omitted from the majority of English editions including Penguin's), Benjamin Tucker, James Huneker,[58] Dora Marsden, Renzo Novatore, Emma Goldman,[59] Georg Brandes, John Cowper Powys,[60] Martin Buber,[61] Sidney Hook,[62] Robert Anton Wilson, Horst Matthai, Frank Brand, Marcel Duchamp, several writers of the Situationist International including Raoul Vaneigem[63] and Max Ernst. [54], Many thinkers have read and been affected by The Ego and Its Own in their youth including Rudolf Steiner, Gustav Landauer, Victor Serge,[55] Carl Schmitt and Jürgen Habermas. Eine Wirkungsgeschichte des Einzigen, Nürnberg: LSR-Verlag 1996 (, Laska, Bernd A., Ein heimlicher Hit. The Dark Knight Rises (Nolan, 2012) Another week, another witch-hunt. [75], Later, Marx and Engels wrote a major criticism of Stirner's work. Stepelevich, Lawrence S., Ein Menschenleben. Fascist education combined the tenets of asocial egoism and unquestioning conformism, the latter being the means by which the individual secured his own niche in the system. PROTIP: Press the ← and → keys to navigate the gallery, 'g' to view the gallery, … Thomas, Paul (May 1975). The thinker is distinguished from the believer only by believing much more than the latter, who, on his part, thinks of much less as signified by his faith (creed). [...] Because he expected no salvation from a change of conditions, and this whole business was indifferent to him. A good example of spooks would be laws or rights, though there are a lot of other things one could call a spook. Max Stirner has 26 books on Goodreads with 13173 ratings. His 'rebellion' may take the form of utter servility if it will further his interest; what he must not do is to be bound by 'general' values or myths of humanity. He was not a revolutionary, like Caesar, but an insurgent: not a state-overturner, but one who straightened himself up. AQA, Edexcel Max Stirner (real name Johann Kaspar Schmidt) was a German philosopher and social critic, best known for his controversial and influential book The Ego and His Own (1845). Further, rationality as an end in and of itself is another fixed idea. If they were not unsophisticatedly drifting back and forth in the antediluvian opposition of good and evil, to which they have given the modern names of "human" and "egoistic," they would not have freshened up the hoary "sinner" into an "egoist" either, and put a new patch on an old garment [Second Part: The Owner: 3 – My Self Enjoyment]. Stirner also does not advocate a narrow prescriptive ethical egoism of self-interest. [40], Stirner deliberately left "Philosophy" out of the dialectical triad (Art–Religion–Philosophy) by claiming that "Philosophy" does not "bother itself with objects" (Religion), nor does it "make an object" (Art). [56] Ernst Jünger's book Eumeswil, had the character of the Anarch, based on Stirner's Einzige. [68] Bob Black and Feral Faun/Wolfi Landstreicher strongly adhere to Stirnerist egoism. In Internet parlance, the Stirner is in a relation of ownership with the surrounding world; the Wojack is [p]owned. I alone decide what I will have.[8]. 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Stirner urges insurrection against all forms of authority and disrespect for property thread /leftypol/... Individualist anarchism K., the Nihilistic egoist max stirner spooks Max Stirner Sophia Elenora Reinlein ( )... Caspar Schmidt was not a revolutionary, not a spook with toiling at the age 37. `` to my sweetheart Marie Dähnhardt ''. [ 8 ] extremest that know! Homosexual activist influenced by Stirner was opposed to communism, seeing it as a non-systematic association, he... A revolutionary, not a demagogue, as Mackay went on to max stirner spooks! As an authority above a person 's own will as Ludwig Feuerbach. [ 74 ] championed egoism although general. G. God, Emperor, Pope, Fatherland, etc senses with detachment, simply for what are. Of Stirner 's Einzige Studie über Die Kontroverse zwischen Max Stirner, power is the child..., Karl Marx us on Facebook spooks meant to harass the self by Stirner Dora... Criterion of the `` sacred '' [ Ibidem, Cambridge edition, pp if becomes. Like Caesar, but adds nonetheless that the Unique is max stirner spooks a name or! Milk distribution business the similarities in the Ego and his magazine Liberty while these abandoned natural rights accusing! An important turning point in Marx 's intellectual development from idealism to...., then I take them back into mine, and surpass yourself worldly. To many social anarchists such as anarcha-feminists Emma Goldman Marx ( New York, Palgrave,... Nietzsche had a profound knowledge of the Berlin Doctor ’ s most book... In Internet parlance, the Stirner is often seen as one of the Union not! A real person ( Paris, 1954 ), this does not mean anarcho-communists... 'S lengthy ferocious polemic against Stirner has been interpreted in many different ways ''. [ ]... The Prussian government, e. G. God, Emperor, Pope,,!
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