He argued that freedom would be empty if former slaves were not guaranteed the rights and protections of American citizens. Gerrit Smith, the wealthy abolitionist and staunch Liberty Party supporter, encouraged the merger. Douglass later said the frequent whippings broke his body, soul, and spirit. The book received generally positive reviews and became an immediate bestseller. This page was last edited on 2 April 2021, at 21:11. There, they adopted the last name "Douglass" and they started their family, which would eventually grow to include five children: Rosetta, Lewis, Frederick, Charles, and Annie. But feminist Elizabeth Cady Stanton congratulated the couple. "[125][126] Douglass spoke at many colleges around the country, including Bates College in Lewiston, Maine, in 1873. "[37] Still, Douglass came to see his physical fight with Covey as life-transforming, and introduced the story in his autobiography as such: "You have seen how a man was made a slave; you shall see how a slave was made a man. [9] In that year, he was presidential elector at large for the State of New York, and took that state's votes to Washington, D.C.[120]. During the war, Douglass also helped the Union cause by serving as a recruiter for the 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment. Shortly before the raid, Douglass, taking Green with him, travelled from Rochester, via New York City, to Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, John Brown's communications headquarters. [79], On April 14, 1876, Douglass delivered the keynote speech at the unveiling of the Emancipation Memorial in Washington's Lincoln Park. His eldest son, Charles Douglass, joined the 54th Massachusetts Regiment, but was ill for much of his service. Douglass returned with funds to purchase his freedom and also to start his own antislavery newspaper, the "North Star", which he published from 1847 to 1860 at Rochester, New York. In addition, he called religious people to embrace abolitionism, stating, "let the religious press, the pulpit, the Sunday school, the conference meeting, the great ecclesiastical, missionary, Bible and tract associations of the land array their immense powers against slavery and slave-holding; and the whole system of crime and blood would be scattered to the winds."[100]. ABC-CLIO. Frederick Douglass Bicentennial In his journey from captive slave to internationally renowned activist, Frederick Douglass (1818-1895) has been a source of inspiration and hope for millions. Garrison, William Lloyd, 1805-1879. One example was his hugely popular London Reception Speech, which Douglass delivered in May 1846 at Alexander Fletcher's Finsbury Chapel. Murray encouraged him and supported his efforts by aid and money.[39]. [116], Meanwhile, white insurgents had quickly arisen in the South after the war, organizing first as secret vigilante groups, including the Ku Klux Klan. Frederick Douglass worked tirelessly to make sure that emancipation would be one of the war's outcomes. Prominent abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison recognized his oratory skill and hired him as a speaker for the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society. On top of his federal work, Douglass kept a vigorous speaking tour schedule. To Douglass's surprise, Green went with Brown instead of returning to Rochester with Douglass. A white reporter, referring to "Nigger Democracy", called it a "flaming address" by "the notorious Negro Orator".[85]. [101][102], Notably, in a famous oration given in the Corinthian Hall of Rochester,[103] he sharply criticized the attitude of religious people who kept silent about slavery, and held that religious ministers committed a blasphemy when they taught it as sanctioned by religion. Douglass first heard Garrison speak in 1841, at a lecture that Garrison gave in Liberty Hall, New Bedford. He further asserted, "in speaking of the American church, however, let it be distinctly understood that I mean the great mass of the religious organizations of our land. Douglass considered photography very important in ending slavery and racism, and believed that the camera would not lie, even in the hands of a racist white, as photographs were an excellent counter to the many racist caricatures, particularly in blackface minstrelsy. There, in an abandoned stone quarry for secrecy, Douglass and Green met with Brown and John Henri Kagi, to discuss the raid. His funeral was held at the Metropolitan African Methodist Episcopal Church. In September 1841, at Lynn Central Square station, Douglass and friend James N. Buffum were thrown off an Eastern Railroad train because Douglass refused to sit in the segregated railroad coach.[45][52][53][54]. Olasky, Marvin. Lucretia had died when Amanda was still a child. The Institutions of this Country do not know me—do not recognize me as a man."[56]. After Douglass won a physical confrontation, Covey never tried to beat him again. Douglass neither campaigned for the ticket nor acknowledged that he had been nominated. [67] Originally, Pittsburgh journalist Martin Delany was co-editor but Douglass didn't feel he brought in enough subscriptions, and they parted ways. In 1855, he published his second autobiography. Less than a month before his death, when a young black man solicited his advice to an African American just starting out in the world, Douglass replied without hesitation: ″Agitate! There is scarcely anything in my experience about which I could not give a more satisfactory answer. While Freeland remained complacent about their activities, other plantation owners became incensed about their slaves being educated. Stanton opposed the 15th Amendment because it limited expansion of suffrage to black men; she predicted its passage would delay for decades the cause for women's right to vote. Stanton argued that American women and black men should band together to fight for universal suffrage, and opposed any bill that split the issues. [44], Once Douglass had arrived, he sent for Murray to follow him north to New York. [3] Though the exact date of his birth is unknown, he later chose to celebrate February 14 as his birthday, remembering that his mother called him her “Little Valentine.”[18][19], Douglass was of mixed race, which likely included Native American[20] and African on his mother's side, as well as European. [61][63] Many supporters tried to encourage Douglass to remain in England but, with his wife still in Massachusetts and three million of his black brethren in bondage in the United States, he returned to America in the spring of 1847,[61] soon after the death of Daniel O'Connell.[64]. [86] He was nearly arrested on a Virginia warrant,[87][88][89] and fled for a brief time to Canada before proceeding onward to England on a previously-planned lecture tour, arriving near the end of November. Country, Conscience, and the Anti-Slavery Cause : An Address Delivered in New York City, May 11, 1847. [133] When Republican Rutherford B. Hayes was elected president, he named Douglass as United States Marshal for the District of Columbia, the first person of color to be so named. In a letter written to a friend soon after reaching New York, I said: "I felt as one might feel upon escape from a den of hungry lions." (Slaves in Union-held areas were not covered by this war-measures act; slaves in Union-held areas and Northern states were freed with the adoption of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865.) I saw the world in a new light, and my great concern was to have everybody converted. "[114] He also said: "Though Mr. Lincoln shared the prejudices of his white fellow-countrymen against the Negro, it is hardly necessary to say that in his heart of hearts he loathed and hated slavery ...". [45] After meeting and staying with Nathan and Mary Johnson, they adopted Douglass as their married name:[39] Douglass had grown up using his mother's surname of Bailey; after escaping slavery he had changed his surname first to Stanley and then to Johnson. Diane Publishing, February 1, 1995, p. 168. ", Matlack, James. 3 He and his wife provided lodging and resources in their home to more than four hundred escaped slaves. In 1833, Thomas Auld took Douglass back from Hugh ("[a]s a means of punishing Hugh," Douglass later wrote). Occupation: Abolitionist, civil rights activist, and writer Born: February 1818 in Talbot County, Maryland Died: February 20, 1895 in Washington, D.C. Best known for: Former slave who became an advisor to the presidents Biography: Where did Frederick Douglass grow up? There, too, right at the side of the hut, stood the old well....", Gatewood Jr., Willard B. After returning to the U.S. in 1847, using £500 (equivalent to $46,030 in 2019) given him by English supporters,[61] Douglass started publishing his first abolitionist newspaper, the North Star, from the basement of the Memorial AME Zion Church in Rochester, New York. Douglass and Anna Murray had five children: Rosetta Douglass, Lewis Henry Douglass, Frederick Douglass Jr., Charles Remond Douglass, and Annie Douglass (died at the age of ten). In 1881, Douglass published the final edition of his autobiography, The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass. Until 1872, she often stayed at his house "for several months at a time" as his "intellectual and emotional companion." In the 21st century, historical plaques were installed on buildings in Cork and Waterford, Ireland, and London to celebrate Douglass' visit: the first is on the Imperial Hotel in Cork and was unveiled on August 31, 2012; the second is on the façade of Waterford City Hall, unveiled on October 7, 2013. During this tour, slavery supporters frequently accosted Douglass. [73], In a graphic passage, Douglass asked Auld how he would feel if Douglass had come to take away his daughter Amanda as a slave, treating her the way he and members of his family had been treated by Auld. [71][72] In the course of the letter, Douglass adeptly transitions from formal and restrained to familiar and then to impassioned. Douglass, his wife, and his alleged mistress, Douglass is the protagonist of Richard Bradbury's novel, Douglass' time in Ireland is fictionalized in, A comedic representation of Douglass is made in, Frederick Douglass appears as a Great Humanitarian in the 2008 strategy video game, In 2019, Douglass was the focus of the exhibition, Finkenbine, Roy E. 2000. [14]He was presented as a victim of and witness to slavery by theGarrisonian abolitionists, but he freed himself from their restraints,just as he freed himself from slavery. At the age of 6, Frederick was separated from his grandparents and moved to the Wye House plantation, where Aaron Anthony worked as overseer. [99], Douglass was mentored by Rev. Anguish and grief, like darkness and rain, may be depicted; but gladness and joy, like the rainbow, defy the skill of pen or pencil. In 1870, Douglass started his last newspaper, the New National Era, attempting to hold his country to its commitment to equality. Douglass sailed back from England the following month, traveling through Canada to avoid detection. When Douglass was hired out to William Freeland, he taught other slaves on the plantation to read the New Testament at a weekly Sunday school. Although this placed him only some 20 miles (32 km) from the Maryland–Pennsylvania state line, it was easier to continue by rail through Delaware, another slave state. In New Bedford, the latter was such a common name that he wanted one that was more distinctive, and asked Nathan Johnson to choose a suitable surname. Charles Lawson, and, early in his activism, he often included biblical allusions and religious metaphors in his speeches. Frederick Douglass, the well-known North American 19th-century Black activist and civil rights leader and formerly enslaved person, had attended and spoke at the 1848 Seneca Falls Woman’s Rights Convention. As the Civil War progressed and emancipation seemed imminent, Douglass intensified the fight for equal citizenship. Former Liberty Party Paper editor, John Thomas, was listed as corresponding editor. African-American women, he believed, would have the same degree of empowerment as white women once African-American men had the vote. [49] During his tenure, Douglass was urged by his supporters to resign from his commission, since he was never asked to introduce visiting foreign dignitaries to the President, which is one of the usual duties of that post. 1979. Her free status strengthened his belief in the possibility of gaining his own freedom. A graduate of Mount Holyoke College (then called Mount Holyoke Female Seminary), Pitts worked on a radical feminist publication named Alpha while living in Washington, D.C. She later worked as Douglass' secretary. "Douglass, Frederick.". Frederick Douglass was born on a plantation in Talbot County, Maryland. Let no man be kept from the ballot box because of his color. [39], The couple settled in New Bedford, Massachusetts, (an abolitionist center, full of former slaves), in 1838, moving to Lynn, Massachusetts, in 1841. There are exceptions, and I thank God that there are. In September 1848, on the tenth anniversary of his escape, Douglass published an open letter addressed to his former master, Thomas Auld, berating him for his conduct, and inquiring after members of his family still held by Auld. As word spread, the interest among slaves in learning to read was so great that in any week, more than 40 slaves would attend lessons. Frederick Douglass was born into slavery in Maryland, but in 1838, when he was 20, he escaped to freedom in New York. That same year, Douglass bought the house that was to be the family's final home in Washington, D.C., on a hill above the Anacostia River. After separation from his mother during infancy, young Frederick lived with his maternal grandmother Betsy Bailey, who was also a slave, and his maternal grandfather Isaac, who was free. His wife Anna Murray Douglass died in 1882, leaving the widower devastated. But he devoted the bulk of his time, immense talent, and boundless energy to ending slavery and gaining equal rights for African Americans. Agitate!″. His. Lincoln's widow Mary Lincoln supposedly gave Lincoln's favorite walking-stick to Douglass in appreciation. [130] Douglass responded to the criticisms by saying that his first marriage had been to someone the color of his mother, and his second to someone the color of his father. An Essay Review. He continued to the safe house of noted abolitionist David Ruggles in New York City. Throughout the Reconstruction era, Douglass continued speaking, emphasizing the importance of work, voting rights and actual exercise of suffrage. [138], At the 1888 Republican National Convention, Douglass became the first African American to receive a vote for President of the United States in a major party's roll call vote. Armed insurgency took different forms. Douglass publicized this view in his newspapers and several speeches. He thought the latter resembled the American Colonization Society which he had opposed in his youth. For about six months, their study went relatively unnoticed. Douglass, the Narrative ’s author and protagonist, was born a slave in Tuckahoe, Maryland, to a woman named Harriet Bailey. Brown penned his Provisional Constitution during his two-week stay with Douglass. “What I want to see before I die is a monument representing the negro, not couchant on his knees like a four-footed animal, but erect on his feet like a man.”[115], After the Civil War, Douglass continued to work for equality for African-Americans and women. From the day he arrived, she saw to it that Douglass was properly fed and clothed, and that he slept in a bed with sheets and a blanket. Date: February 07, 2021 There is a statute of Frederick Douglass in New York City, where he fled to from Maryland to escape slavery. In 1837, Douglass met and fell in love with Anna Murray, a free black woman in Baltimore about five years his senior. "[108] Douglass conferred with President Abraham Lincoln in 1863 on the treatment of black soldiers,[109] and with President Andrew Johnson on the subject of black suffrage. [77], After Douglass' powerful words, the attendees passed the resolution.[77][78]. In later years, Douglass credited The Columbian Orator, an anthology that he discovered at about age 12, with clarifying and defining his views on freedom and human rights. On September 3, 1838, Douglass successfully escaped by boarding a northbound train of the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad. He whipped Douglass so frequently that his wounds had little time to heal. On March 12, 1859, Douglass met with radical abolitionists John Brown, George DeBaptiste, and others at William Webb's house in Detroit to discuss emancipation. p. 2. He recalled the "marked ability and dignity" of the proceedings, and briefly conveyed several arguments of the convention and feminist thought at the time. In August 1861 he published an account of the First Battle of Bull Run, noting that some blacks were already in the Confederate ranks. prod. [60], Douglass spent two years in Ireland and Great Britain, lecturing in churches and chapels. They enforced this by a combination of violence, late 19th-century laws imposing segregation and a concerted effort to disfranchise African Americans. In 1843, Douglass joined other speakers in the American Anti-Slavery Society's "Hundred Conventions" project, a six-month tour at meeting halls throughout the eastern and midwestern United States. [6][7] Likewise, Northerners at the time found it hard to believe that such a great orator had once been a slave. That walking-stick still rests in his final residence, "Cedar Hill", now preserved as the Frederick Douglass National Historic Site. … My mother and I were separated when I was but an infant. The complex still exists, and in 2003 was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[148][149]. He served as president of the Reconstruction-era Freedman's Savings Bank. Agitate! [113] Another son, Frederick Douglass Jr., also served as a recruiter. He was an acquaintance of Helen Pitts’ father, whose home had been part of the pre-Civil War Underground Railroad. He recruited African-American men to fight in the U.S. Army, including two of his own sons, who served in the famous 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry. It is then that my feelings rise above my control. Lucretia was essential in Douglass' formation, as she shaped his experiences and took special interest in him from his childhood, wanting to give him a better life. "Speech at National Hall, for the Promotion of Colored Enlistments. November 3, 1946. First published in 1797, the book is a classroom reader, containing essays, speeches, and dialogues, to assist students in learning reading and grammar. Douglass' change of opinion about the Constitution and his splitting from Garrison around 1847 became one of the abolitionist movement's most notable divisions. Frederick Douglass sits in the pantheon of Black history figures: Born into slavery, he made a daring escape north, wrote best-selling autobiographies and went on … He maintained that "upon these men lies the duty to inspire our ranks with high religious faith and zeal, and to cheer us on in the great mission of the slave's redemption from his chains". Douglass also joined several organizations in New Bedford, and regularly attended abolitionist meetings. [84] Douglass met Brown again when Brown visited his home two months before leading the raid on Harpers Ferry. Frederick Douglass was a leader in the abolitionist movement, an early champion of women’s rights and author of ‘Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass.… Douglass continued, secretly, to teach himself how to read and write. … I do not recollect of ever seeing my mother by the light of day. Frederick Douglass is important in our history for at least two reasons. [90] Years later, in 1881, Douglass shared a stage in Harpers Ferry with Andrew Hunter, the prosecutor who secured Brown's conviction and execution. David W. Blight, Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom. ", Carson, Saul. Frederick Douglass, original name Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, (born February? Shortly after he returned home, Douglass died of a massive heart attack. They decided that New York City was not a safe place for Frederick to remain as a fugitive, so they settled in New Bedford, Massachusetts. Chicago Review Press, 2000. pp. While living in Lynn, Douglass engaged in early protest against segregated transportation. But then he dramatically shifts tone: Oh! [49] He made similar speeches as early as 1879, and was criticized both by fellow leaders and some audiences, who even booed him for this position. Douglass angered Garrison by saying that the Constitution could and should be used as an instrument in the fight against slavery.[70]. "[29] Hugh Auld disapproved of the tutoring, feeling that literacy would encourage slaves to desire freedom; Douglass later referred to this as the "first decidedly antislavery lecture" he had ever heard. 260–71. Frederick Douglass after the Civil War. Marshal for D.C. (1877-1881), Recorder of Deeds for D.C. (1881-1886), and Minister Resident and Consul General to Haiti (1889-1891). [50] Throughout his life, Douglass had linked that individual experience with social reform, and like other Christian abolitionists, he followed practices such as abstaining from tobacco, alcohol and other substances that he believed corrupted body and soul.[107]. Frederick Douglass was a compelling force in the anti-slavery movement. Strikingly, he expressed the belief that "[a] discussion of the rights of animals would be regarded with far more complacency...than would be a discussion of the rights of women," and Douglass noted the link between abolitionism and feminism, the overlap between the communities. [11] When radical abolitionists, under the motto "No Union with Slaveholders", criticized Douglass' willingness to engage in dialogue with slave owners, he replied: "I would unite with anybody to do right and with nobody to do wrong. pp. The 1845 Narrative was his biggest seller, and probably allowed him to raise the funds to gain his legal freedom the following year, as discussed below. ", In 1872, Douglass became the first African American nominated for Vice President of the United States, as Victoria Woodhull's running mate on the Equal Rights Party ticket. [28] Douglass described her as a kind and tender-hearted woman, who treated him "as she supposed one human being ought to treat another. [22] Douglass said his mother Harriet Bailey gave him his name Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey and, after escaping to the North years later, he took the surname Douglass, having already dropped his two middle names. Many public schools have also been named in his honor. Douglass believed that since African-American men were fighting for the Union in the American Civil War, they deserved the right to vote.[112]. Her father complimented her for reaching out to Douglass. John Brown, incognito, sat in the audience; Shields Green joined him on the stage. His relationships with Julia Griffiths and Ottilie Assing, two women with whom he was professionally involved, caused recurring speculation and scandals. [71][72] Yet in his conclusion Douglass shows his focus and benevolence, stating that he has “no malice towards him personally,” and asserts that, “there is no roof under which you would be more safe than mine, and there is nothing in my house which you might need for comfort, which I would not readily grant. [134] Douglass accepted the appoint, which helped assure his family's financial security. Who Is Frederick Douglass | Who Is Frederick Douglass Frederick Douglass: The Meaning of July 4th for the Negro In Rochester, New York on July 5, 1852, Frederick Douglass gave one of his most famous speeches, “What to the Slave is the Fourth of July?” or “The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro.” On his return to the United States, Douglass founded the North Star, a weekly publication with the motto "Right is of no sex, Truth is of no color, God is the Father of us all, and we are all Brethren." Instead of a democratic government, I am under a monarchical government. [110], President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, which took effect on January 1, 1863, declared the freedom of all slaves in Confederate-held territory. Douglass had met Auld's daughter, Amanda Auld Sears, some years prior; she had requested the meeting and had subsequently attended and cheered one of Douglass' speeches. Almost all we know about this incident comes from Douglass. After a period of mourning, Douglass found new meaning from working with activist Ida B. Douglass' best-known work is his first autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, written during his time in Lynn, Massachusetts[57] and published in 1845. "Re-Examining Fredrick Douglass's Time in Lynn", My Bondage and My Freedom: Part I – Life as a Slave, Part II – Life as a Freeman, Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves, and the American Revolution, "5 religious facts you might not know about Frederick Douglass", "I am your fellow man, but not your slave", Text of the "Declaration of Sentiments", and the Resolutions, Report of the Woman's Rights Convention, July 19–20, 1848, "National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)", https://www.loc.gov/collections/frederick-douglass-papers/articles-and-essays/frederick-douglass-timeline/1847-to-1859, "Who's the most photographed American man of the 19th Century? "[61], In 1846, Douglass met with Thomas Clarkson, one of the last living British abolitionists, who had persuaded Parliament to abolish slavery in Great Britain's colonies. Douglass called for court action to open all schools to all children. In 1861, the nation erupted into civil war over the issue of slavery. "The Autobiographies of Frederick Douglass. He spoke frankly about Lincoln, noting what he perceived as both positive and negative attributes of the late President. "[51] Garrison was likewise impressed with Douglass, and had written about his anti-colonialist stance in The Liberator as early as 1839. He first disclosed it in his speech on John Brown at Storer College in 1881, trying unsuccessfully to raise money to support a John Brown professorship at Storer, to be held by a Black man. [43] At first they adopted Johnson as their married name, to divert attention. The year was probably 1818, and he would later celebrate February 14 as his birthday, but no precise records exist. After Frederick Douglass passed away, his second wife Helen preserved Cedar Hill as a historic house museum. The Frederick Douglass Encyclopedia. Douglass continued his career as a lecturer after the war. First published in 1881 and revised in 1892, three years before his death, the book covers events both during and after the Civil War. As a child, Douglass was exposed to a number of religious sermons, and in his youth, he sometimes heard Sophia Auld reading the Bible. Grant in 1868 up a home so that her cause would be empty if former slaves done. Young child many Americans supporter, encouraged the merger and, early in his final residence, `` the of... Asking for women 's suffrage in 1853, he became interested in literacy ; began! 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